A 6×6 diallel cross was carried out to obtain suitable parents and crosses that can further be exploited in the breeding programmes related to drought tolerance studies. Combining ability analysis was employed for this purpose which gives us information about general and specific combiners. Different physiological parameters like LV, SF, SS, ECS and morphological traits like SER, ASI, KR/E, K/R, EL, 1000GW and GY were studied for generating information regarding genetic behavior in terms of additive and non-additive effects. Mean squares for GCA were significant for the traits like KR/E, EL, 1000GW, SER, ASI and LV but non-significant for all other traits. Mean squares for SCA were significant for all the studied traits. The GCA and SCA mean squares significance determined the presence of both additive and non-additive gene action that execute role for the expression of these traits. Variance for GCA in case of LV and 1000GW was greater than SCA variance hence indicative of additive gene action. Variance for SCA was greater than GCA in traits like SF, SS, ECS, SER, ASI, EL, K/R and GY. Greater variances of SCA in all these traits show the presence of non-additive gene action. Most of the traits showed non-additive gene action hence heterosis breeding might be fruitful for the improvement of these traits

Many changes in demand for and supply of labor have cued to efficient labor market transforms especially in the status of gender stereotypes in advanced countries. But the point is why women’s roles and statues in the labor market lag behind in distribution of resources and wages in developing countries? The question could also go further and enquire why employers continue on bifurcating the jobs as gender labeled and conserving employment discretionary. Yet there is already wage inequality and gender segregation in occupations, the reality of those issues exemplify for further discussions about gender inequality. However, similar transformations have taken into account in Turkey. But it is understood from the aggregate data that female employment and labor force participation still need special consideration in terms of division of labor. Since the framework of socio-cultural and economic factors determine the gender based division both in the labor market and household, women generally lag behind men at all levels in Turkey. Limited available jobs for women, heavy working hours, low wages and lack of skill in the working life are also factors conducing women to be out of the labor market. Although changes in legislations and laws to avoid gender inequality are implemented, it is still not possible to speak about the increasing female employment by reason of very tightened and conservative patriarchal values the society have. Thus, the further investments are needed to invest in programs like active labor market and life-long learning to increase female employment. Reducing informal employment, promoting high quality and productive jobs are crucial for addressing the problems of female unemployment.

PVY and PLRV disease is widespread wherever potato is grown. Yield losses due to these viral diseases are up to 83% in Pakistan. Plant extracts i.e. Neem, Ginger, Garlic, Akk, Ginger, Dature and Thuja including an untreated check with three replication and each replication had three dose levels were sprayed @ 3, 5 and 8gm/L on the variety desiree which was grown in RCBD trial and sprayed 1 time only. ELISA absorbance reading showed that non of the plant extract had significant role to control the multiplication of PVY virus concentration inside the plants but the alcoholic extract of Thuja had a significant effect on PLRV multiplication within the leaves of plants . The absorbance reading of ELISA reactions at 405 nm was found to be maximum 1.356 (25 days after spray @) 8gm/L) compared with control i.e. 3.982. Aphis gossypii was the most abundant, while M. persicae was the least abundant. Thuja orientalis (Thuja) was found to be the most effective to minimize the population of aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Aphis gossypii) as compared to the other treatments.

The main purpose of this study was to investigation and analysis of attitude of agricultural extension experts towards organic farming in Kermanshah Township, Iran. The Statistical population in this study consisted of all agriculture extension experts of Jihad-e-Agriculture management and centres of agricultural services in Kermanshah Township (N=148), that 123 of them were selected as research sample using random simple sampling method. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSSWin20 and LISREL8.54 software. Results of Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the validity of measurement model of attitude towards organic farming in Kermanshah Township. Results showed that the attitude of the majority (57%) of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming in Kermanshah Township was at the neutral level. Findings of mean comparison showed that there were significant differences between attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming in Kermanshah Township based on field of study. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated that about 35 percent of attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming are explained by amount of study of research journal and amount using of internet. Results of this study have applications for managers of Jihad-e-Agriculture management and centers of agricultural services in order to increase attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming.